{
  "name": "Industrial Downtime Evidence Register and NIST Component Reconciliation",
  "version": "2026-09-12",
  "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
  "creator": "Greensboro Dock Door Repair Research",
  "canonical_page": "https://greensborodockdoorrepair.com/research/industrial-downtime-statistics/",
  "description": "Source-attributed numerical evidence and original comparisons; no original survey. Mixed geographies and reference periods, not a continuous time series.",
  "license": {
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "scope": "Original compilation and calculations only; third-party publications and underlying materials retain their own terms."
  },
  "verification_tiers": {
    "★": "Read directly in cited primary publication; verifies attribution and transcription, not individual response truth or independent replication.",
    "●": "Reserved for primary-source items awaiting direct re-verification; unused in accepted numerical records in this version."
  },
  "numeric_conventions": {
    "missing": "Empty CSV cell or null means undisclosed/not established, never zero.",
    "comparator": "Read together with value; approximate figures and thresholds are not exact observations.",
    "source_conflicts": "Conflicting source statements are retained as source_conflict_transcription, not corrected values.",
    "rounding": "Original calculations use rounded values as printed; display precision does not imply underlying measurement precision."
  },
  "evidence": [
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2020-direct-maintenance",
      "metric": "Direct maintenance costs",
      "value": 57.3,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "unstratified_point_estimate",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "57.3",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2021-direct-maintenance",
      "metric": "Direct maintenance costs",
      "value": 81.6,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "monte_carlo_mean",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 5, printed p. 8",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "81.6",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2020-faults-failures",
      "metric": "Additional costs due to faults and failures",
      "value": 16.3,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "unstratified_point_estimate",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "16.3",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2021-faults-failures",
      "metric": "Additional costs due to faults and failures",
      "value": 15.7,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "monte_carlo_mean",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 5, printed p. 8",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "15.7",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2020-inventory",
      "metric": "Inventory costs associated with maintenance",
      "value": 0.9,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "unstratified_point_estimate",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "0.9",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2021-inventory",
      "metric": "Inventory costs associated with maintenance",
      "value": 0.8,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "monte_carlo_mean",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 5, printed p. 8",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "0.8",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2020-unplanned-downtime",
      "metric": "Maintenance-associated unplanned downtime costs",
      "value": 18.1,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "unstratified_point_estimate",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "18.1",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2021-unplanned-downtime",
      "metric": "Maintenance-associated unplanned downtime costs",
      "value": 18.4,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "monte_carlo_mean",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 5, printed p. 8",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "18.4",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2020-lost-sales",
      "metric": "Lost sales due to maintenance issues",
      "value": 100.2,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "unstratified_point_estimate",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "100.2",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2021-lost-sales",
      "metric": "Lost sales due to maintenance issues",
      "value": 105.0,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "monte_carlo_mean",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 5, printed p. 8",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "105.0",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2020-defects",
      "metric": "Losses due to defects",
      "value": 0.8,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "unstratified_point_estimate",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "0.8",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2021-defects",
      "metric": "Losses due to defects",
      "value": 0.5,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "monte_carlo_mean",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 5, printed p. 8",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "0.5",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2020-total",
      "metric": "Total maintenance costs and losses",
      "value": 193.6,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "unstratified_point_estimate",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Tables 5.1 (printed p. 26), 5.4 (p. 30 and following text), and 8.1 (p. 39); relevant methodology and narrative",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "193.6",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-2021-total",
      "metric": "Total maintenance costs and losses",
      "value": 222.0,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "monte_carlo_mean",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Data section; Table 1 (printed p. 2), Table 4 (p. 7), Table 5 (p. 8), Tables 6–7 (pp. 10–11)",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "National survey-based model estimate, not observed current-year losses or all manufacturing.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "222.0",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "calc-nist-total-gap",
      "metric": "Difference between published maintenance totals",
      "value": 28.4,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "Not applicable: difference",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2026-09-12",
      "publisher": "Greensboro Dock Door Repair Research",
      "publisher_type": "original compilation and calculation",
      "evidence_type": "original_calculation",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Data section; Table 1 (printed p. 2), Table 4 (p. 7), Table 5 (p. 8), Tables 6–7 (pp. 10–11)",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Reproducible subtraction of rounded printed estimates; not an annual increase.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "222.0 - 193.6",
      "page_anchor": "table-1",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "calc-nist-direct-gap-share",
      "metric": "Direct-maintenance share of the difference between totals",
      "value": 85.6,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "28.4 billion difference between total estimates",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2026-09-12",
      "publisher": "Greensboro Dock Door Repair Research",
      "publisher_type": "original compilation and calculation",
      "evidence_type": "original_calculation",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Data section; Table 1 (printed p. 2), Table 4 (p. 7), Table 5 (p. 8), Tables 6–7 (pp. 10–11)",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Uses printed source precision. Underlying quotient is about 85.56338%; not a measured percentage or causal explanation.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "(81.6 - 57.3) / (222.0 - 193.6) * 100; rounded to one decimal",
      "page_anchor": "stat-nist-gap",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-direct-min",
      "metric": "Direct maintenance simulation minimum",
      "value": 36.7,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "simulation_summary",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Data section; Table 1 (printed p. 2), Table 4 (p. 7), Table 5 (p. 8), Tables 6–7 (pp. 10–11)",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Distribution of model iterations, not individual-company cost range or confidence interval.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "36.7",
      "page_anchor": "nist-reconciliation",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-direct-median",
      "metric": "Direct maintenance simulation median",
      "value": 74.4,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "simulation_summary",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
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      "limitations": "Distribution of model iterations, not individual-company cost range or confidence interval.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
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      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
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      "record_id": "nist-direct-max",
      "metric": "Direct maintenance simulation maximum",
      "value": 205.4,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "simulation_summary",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
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      "comparator": "=",
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      "raw_source_value": "205.4",
      "page_anchor": "nist-reconciliation",
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      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-time-downtime",
      "metric": "Mean planned production time lost to downtime",
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      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Planned production time",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "survey_average",
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      "source_locator": "Table 5.1, printed p. 26",
      "verification_tier": "★",
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      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
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      "record_id": "nist-time-reactive",
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      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Downtime time",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
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      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
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      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis",
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      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
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      "record_id": "calc-time-product",
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      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Planned production time, only as an illustrative calculation",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2026-09-12",
      "publisher": "Greensboro Dock Door Repair Research",
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      "source_locator": "Table 5.1, printed p. 26",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "NOT an independently measured national rate; paired respondent inputs are not reconstructed.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "Two averages from Table 5.1",
      "raw_source_value": "7.8 * 31.7 / 100; displayed as approximately 2.5%",
      "page_anchor": "how-much-downtime",
      "source_conflict": "",
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      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
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      "record_id": "nist-returned",
      "metric": "Returned survey questionnaires",
      "value": 85,
      "unit": "responses",
      "denominator": "Underlying manufacturing survey",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "Survey supporting 2016-basis estimates; fieldwork dates not asserted",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "study_metadata",
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      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
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      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
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      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
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      "metric": "Retained survey responses",
      "value": 71,
      "unit": "responses",
      "denominator": "Underlying manufacturing survey",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
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      "fieldwork_dates": "",
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      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "study_metadata",
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      "raw_source_value": "71",
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      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
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      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2021 publication; 2016 economic basis",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "study_metadata",
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      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
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      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Model iterations are not additional survey respondents.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "10000",
      "page_anchor": "nist-reconciliation",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
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      "metric": "Downtime: Top 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance; simulation mean",
      "value": 10.38,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Planned production time",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325; Top 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016 economic basis",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "simulation_group_summary",
      "sample": "Subgroup of 71 retained respondents; subgroup count not asserted",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 6, printed p. 10",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Authors call subgroup comparisons anecdotal. Min/max are across simulation iterations, not plant ranges or confidence intervals.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "10.38",
      "page_anchor": "table-4",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-reactive-high-median",
      "metric": "Downtime: Top 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance; simulation median",
      "value": 10.44,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Planned production time",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325; Top 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016 economic basis",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "simulation_group_summary",
      "sample": "Subgroup of 71 retained respondents; subgroup count not asserted",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 6, printed p. 10",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Authors call subgroup comparisons anecdotal. Min/max are across simulation iterations, not plant ranges or confidence intervals.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "10.44",
      "page_anchor": "table-4",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
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    },
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      "metric": "Downtime: Top 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance; simulation minimum",
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      "denominator": "Planned production time",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325; Top 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016 economic basis",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "simulation_group_summary",
      "sample": "Subgroup of 71 retained respondents; subgroup count not asserted",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 6, printed p. 10",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
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      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
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      "page_anchor": "table-4",
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      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-reactive-high-maximum",
      "metric": "Downtime: Top 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance; simulation maximum",
      "value": 13.17,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Planned production time",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325; Top 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016 economic basis",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "simulation_group_summary",
      "sample": "Subgroup of 71 retained respondents; subgroup count not asserted",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 6, printed p. 10",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Authors call subgroup comparisons anecdotal. Min/max are across simulation iterations, not plant ranges or confidence intervals.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "13.17",
      "page_anchor": "table-4",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-reactive-low-mean",
      "metric": "Downtime: Bottom 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance; simulation mean",
      "value": 4.91,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Planned production time",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325; Bottom 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016 economic basis",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
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      "evidence_type": "simulation_group_summary",
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      "source_locator": "Table 6, printed p. 10",
      "verification_tier": "★",
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      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "4.91",
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      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-reactive-low-median",
      "metric": "Downtime: Bottom 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance; simulation median",
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      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Planned production time",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325; Bottom 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016 economic basis",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "simulation_group_summary",
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      "source_locator": "Table 6, printed p. 10",
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      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "5.03",
      "page_anchor": "table-4",
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      "source_id": "S02",
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    },
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      "record_id": "nist-reactive-low-minimum",
      "metric": "Downtime: Bottom 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance; simulation minimum",
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      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Planned production time",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325; Bottom 50% in reliance on reactive maintenance",
      "geography": "United States",
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      "fieldwork_dates": "",
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      "source_locator": "Table 6, printed p. 10",
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    },
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      "denominator": "Planned production time",
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      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
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      "denominator": "Planned production time",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325; Lower-predictive half within less-reactive group",
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      "page_anchor": "table-4",
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      "metric": "Downtime: Lower-predictive half within less-reactive group; simulation maximum",
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      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Planned production time",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325; Lower-predictive half within less-reactive group",
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      "evidence_type": "source_conflict_transcription",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Both published 90% intervals transcribed as printed. Neither is designated an agency-issued correction. The 2020 interval excludes the printed point estimate. The 2020 narrative reports inventory estimates between 0.8 and 0.9 billion, which does not establish a corrected interval.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "5.6",
      "page_anchor": "table-2",
      "source_conflict": "Cross-publication intervals differ; not resolved",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-ci-inventory-costs-2021-lower",
      "metric": "Inventory costs: printed 90% interval lower bound in 2021",
      "value": 0.3,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "source_conflict_transcription",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 7",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Both published 90% intervals transcribed as printed. Neither is designated an agency-issued correction. The 2020 interval excludes the printed point estimate. The 2020 narrative reports inventory estimates between 0.8 and 0.9 billion, which does not establish a corrected interval.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "0.3",
      "page_anchor": "table-2",
      "source_conflict": "Cross-publication intervals differ; not resolved",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-ci-inventory-costs-2021-upper",
      "metric": "Inventory costs: printed 90% interval upper bound in 2021",
      "value": 1.1,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "source_conflict_transcription",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 7",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Both published 90% intervals transcribed as printed. Neither is designated an agency-issued correction. The 2020 interval excludes the printed point estimate. The 2020 narrative reports inventory estimates between 0.8 and 0.9 billion, which does not establish a corrected interval.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "1.1",
      "page_anchor": "table-2",
      "source_conflict": "Cross-publication intervals differ; not resolved",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-ci-total-costs-and-losses-2020-lower",
      "metric": "Total costs and losses: printed 90% interval lower bound in 2020",
      "value": 94.7,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "source_conflict_transcription",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Both published 90% intervals transcribed as printed. Neither is designated an agency-issued correction. Separately, 2020 text beneath Table 5.1 gives downtime 9.4–29.5; Table 8.1 gives 10.4–27.8. Neither is substituted as the correct interval.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "94.7",
      "page_anchor": "table-2",
      "source_conflict": "Cross-publication intervals differ; not resolved",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-ci-total-costs-and-losses-2020-upper",
      "metric": "Total costs and losses: printed 90% interval upper bound in 2020",
      "value": 300.7,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "source_conflict_transcription",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Both published 90% intervals transcribed as printed. Neither is designated an agency-issued correction. Separately, 2020 text beneath Table 5.1 gives downtime 9.4–29.5; Table 8.1 gives 10.4–27.8. Neither is substituted as the correct interval.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "300.7",
      "page_anchor": "table-2",
      "source_conflict": "Cross-publication intervals differ; not resolved",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-ci-total-costs-and-losses-2021-lower",
      "metric": "Total costs and losses: printed 90% interval lower bound in 2021",
      "value": 93.6,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "source_conflict_transcription",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 7",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Both published 90% intervals transcribed as printed. Neither is designated an agency-issued correction. Separately, 2020 text beneath Table 5.1 gives downtime 9.4–29.5; Table 8.1 gives 10.4–27.8. Neither is substituted as the correct interval.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "93.6",
      "page_anchor": "table-2",
      "source_conflict": "Cross-publication intervals differ; not resolved",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-ci-total-costs-and-losses-2021-upper",
      "metric": "Total costs and losses: printed 90% interval upper bound in 2021",
      "value": 296.2,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "source_conflict_transcription",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 7",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Both published 90% intervals transcribed as printed. Neither is designated an agency-issued correction. Separately, 2020 text beneath Table 5.1 gives downtime 9.4–29.5; Table 8.1 gives 10.4–27.8. Neither is substituted as the correct interval.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "296.2",
      "page_anchor": "table-2",
      "source_conflict": "Cross-publication intervals differ; not resolved",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "source_publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-safety-60",
      "metric": "Mean injuries attributed to reactive maintenance",
      "value": 0.2,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Injuries reported by surveyed establishments",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "survey_average",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Table 5.4, printed p. 30, and following text",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Table 5.4 and following text. Model expected counts are not observed incidents; 90% intervals include zero.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "0.2",
      "page_anchor": "federal-record",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-safety-61",
      "metric": "Modeled injuries associated with reactive maintenance",
      "value": 134.1,
      "unit": "expected injuries per year",
      "denominator": "Covered industries, annual",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "unstratified_model_estimate",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Table 5.4, printed p. 30, and following text",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Table 5.4 and following text. Model expected counts are not observed incidents; 90% intervals include zero.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "134.1",
      "page_anchor": "federal-record",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-safety-62",
      "metric": "Modeled deaths associated with reactive maintenance",
      "value": 0.4,
      "unit": "expected deaths per year",
      "denominator": "Covered industries, annual",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "unstratified_model_estimate",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Table 5.4, printed p. 30, and following text",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Table 5.4 and following text. Model expected counts are not observed incidents; 90% intervals include zero.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "0.4",
      "page_anchor": "federal-record",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-safety-injuries-ci-lower",
      "metric": "injuries: 90% model interval lower bound",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "expected injuries per year",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "model_confidence_interval",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Text following Table 5.4",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Published 90% interval; not an observed count or proof of a nonzero annual effect.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "0",
      "page_anchor": "federal-record",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-safety-injuries-ci-upper",
      "metric": "injuries: 90% model interval upper bound",
      "value": 492.7,
      "unit": "expected injuries per year",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "model_confidence_interval",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Text following Table 5.4",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Published 90% interval; not an observed count or proof of a nonzero annual effect.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "492.7",
      "page_anchor": "federal-record",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-safety-deaths-ci-lower",
      "metric": "deaths: 90% model interval lower bound",
      "value": 0,
      "unit": "expected deaths per year",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "model_confidence_interval",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Text following Table 5.4",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Published 90% interval; not an observed count or proof of a nonzero annual effect.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "0",
      "page_anchor": "federal-record",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nist-safety-deaths-ci-upper",
      "metric": "deaths: 90% model interval upper bound",
      "value": 1.5,
      "unit": "expected deaths per year",
      "denominator": "",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2016",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "model_confidence_interval",
      "sample": "71 retained responses overall; item/group sample counts may differ",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Text following Table 5.4",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Published 90% interval; not an observed count or proof of a nonzero annual effect.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "2016 economic basis; dollar values in 2016 USD",
      "raw_source_value": "1.5",
      "page_anchor": "federal-record",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "guide-cost",
      "metric": "Manufacturing Cost Guide downtime estimate restated by NIST",
      "value": 245,
      "unit": "USD billion",
      "denominator": "Covered industries; period not specified in passage",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2026-02",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_guide_estimate",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-76.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Costs/losses discussion, printed p. 25, including the Manufacturing Cost Guide attribution",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Publication of the estimate verified. Economic reference year and bridge to the maintenance-survey downtime figure are not supplied in the cited passage. Not labeled a current measurement.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "245",
      "page_anchor": "headline-finding",
      "source_conflict": "Unresolved methodological relationship to 18.4 billion maintenance-associated component",
      "source_id": "S03",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "guide-time",
      "metric": "Manufacturing Cost Guide downtime share restated by NIST",
      "value": 8.3,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Planned production time",
      "population": "Covered manufacturing industries: NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2026-02",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_guide_estimate",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-76.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Costs/losses discussion, printed p. 25, including the Manufacturing Cost Guide attribution",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Publication of the estimate verified. Economic reference year and bridge to the maintenance-survey downtime figure are not supplied in the cited passage. Not labeled a current measurement.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "8.3",
      "page_anchor": "headline-finding",
      "source_conflict": "Unresolved methodological relationship to 18.4 billion maintenance-associated component",
      "source_id": "S03",
      "source_publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "siemens-auto-hourly",
      "metric": "Large automotive plant cost per unplanned downtime hour",
      "value": 2300000,
      "unit": "USD per hour",
      "denominator": "One hour of downtime, large automotive plant",
      "population": "Large automotive plant sector benchmark",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "Survey results April 2019–March 2023; 2024 report",
      "fieldwork_dates": "Publisher describes results April 2019–March 2023",
      "publication_date": "2024",
      "publisher": "Siemens / Senseye",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_estimate",
      "sample": "181 completed online interviews overall, not per-sector",
      "source_url": "https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:1b43afb5-2d07-47f7-9eb7-893fe7d0bc59/tcod-2024_original.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Executive summary p. 3; hourly-cost discussion pp. 4–6; downtime-frequency discussion p. 10; methodology p. 15",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Not an all-manufacturing average or a stated hard ceiling.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "2300000",
      "page_anchor": "stat-siemens-hourly",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S11",
      "source_publisher": "Siemens / Senseye",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "siemens-global-annual",
      "metric": "Extrapolated annual unplanned downtime costs",
      "value": 1400000000000,
      "unit": "USD per year",
      "denominator": "World’s 500 biggest companies",
      "population": "World’s 500 biggest companies, as modeled by publisher",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "Survey results April 2019–March 2023; 2024 report",
      "fieldwork_dates": "Publisher describes results April 2019–March 2023",
      "publication_date": "2024",
      "publisher": "Siemens / Senseye",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "survey_based_extrapolation",
      "sample": "181 completed online interviews overall, not per-sector",
      "source_url": "https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:1b43afb5-2d07-47f7-9eb7-893fe7d0bc59/tcod-2024_original.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Executive summary p. 3; hourly-cost discussion pp. 4–6; downtime-frequency discussion p. 10; methodology p. 15",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Survey-informed estimate. Overall sample count is not automotive-only or a census of the world’s 500 largest companies.",
      "comparator": "approximately",
      "economic_basis": "",
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      "page_anchor": "cost-per-hour",
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      "source_id": "S11",
      "source_publisher": "Siemens / Senseye",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "siemens-global-revenue",
      "metric": "Extrapolated annual downtime costs as a share of revenue",
      "value": 11,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Revenue of world’s 500 biggest companies",
      "population": "World’s 500 biggest companies, as modeled by publisher",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "Survey results April 2019–March 2023; 2024 report",
      "fieldwork_dates": "Publisher describes results April 2019–March 2023",
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      "publisher": "Siemens / Senseye",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
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      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
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      "comparator": "=",
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    },
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      "denominator": "Large plant / facility per month",
      "population": "Large plants in automotive, FMCG, heavy industry, oil and gas; study-wide coverage",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "Survey results April 2019–March 2023; 2024 report",
      "fieldwork_dates": "Publisher describes results April 2019–March 2023",
      "publication_date": "2024",
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      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
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      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
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      "source_publisher": "Siemens / Senseye",
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    },
    {
      "record_id": "siemens-incidents",
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      "denominator": "Large plant / facility per month",
      "population": "Large plants in automotive, FMCG, heavy industry, oil and gas; study-wide coverage",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "Survey results April 2019–March 2023; 2024 report",
      "fieldwork_dates": "Publisher describes results April 2019–March 2023",
      "publication_date": "2024",
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      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
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      "sample": "181 completed online interviews overall, not per-sector",
      "source_url": "https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:1b43afb5-2d07-47f7-9eb7-893fe7d0bc59/tcod-2024_original.pdf",
      "source_locator": "Executive summary p. 3; hourly-cost discussion pp. 4–6; downtime-frequency discussion p. 10; methodology p. 15",
      "verification_tier": "★",
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      "source_publisher": "Siemens / Senseye",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
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      "denominator": "Large plant / facility per month",
      "population": "Large plants in automotive, FMCG, heavy industry, oil and gas; study-wide coverage",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "2019 comparison in 2024 report",
      "fieldwork_dates": "Publisher describes results April 2019–March 2023",
      "publication_date": "2024",
      "publisher": "Siemens / Senseye",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
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      "sample": "181 completed online interviews overall, not per-sector",
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      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
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      "page_anchor": "table-5",
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      "source_publisher": "Siemens / Senseye",
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    },
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      "denominator": "Large plant / facility per month",
      "population": "Large plants in automotive, FMCG, heavy industry, oil and gas; study-wide coverage",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "2019 comparison in 2024 report",
      "fieldwork_dates": "Publisher describes results April 2019–March 2023",
      "publication_date": "2024",
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      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
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      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
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      "page_anchor": "table-5",
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      "source_id": "S11",
      "source_publisher": "Siemens / Senseye",
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      "metric": "Total downtime per represented facility per month",
      "value": 30,
      "unit": "hours per month",
      "denominator": "Represented facility per month",
      "population": "Facilities/companies represented by U.S. manufacturing leaders",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "July–August 2025 survey",
      "fieldwork_dates": "2025-07-23/2025-08-12",
      "publication_date": "2025-10-15",
      "publisher": "L2L",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_estimate",
      "sample": "More than 600 manufacturing leaders, 46 states, management level or above",
      "source_url": "https://www.l2l.com/news/l2l-report-reveals-impact-of-manufacturing-downtime",
      "source_locator": "Release findings and methodology paragraph for Beyond Breakdowns: The Impact of Manufacturing Downtime",
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      "page_anchor": "table-5",
      "source_conflict": "Publication dateline and original-version note conflict",
      "source_id": "S07",
      "source_publisher": "L2L",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "l2l-unplanned-share",
      "metric": "Share of total downtime that was unplanned",
      "value": 50,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Total reported downtime",
      "population": "Facilities/companies represented by U.S. manufacturing leaders",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "July–August 2025 survey",
      "fieldwork_dates": "2025-07-23/2025-08-12",
      "publication_date": "2025-10-15",
      "publisher": "L2L",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_estimate",
      "sample": "More than 600 manufacturing leaders, 46 states, management level or above",
      "source_url": "https://www.l2l.com/news/l2l-report-reveals-impact-of-manufacturing-downtime",
      "source_locator": "Release findings and methodology paragraph for Beyond Breakdowns: The Impact of Manufacturing Downtime",
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      "economic_basis": "",
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      "source_publisher": "L2L",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
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      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Represented companies",
      "population": "Facilities/companies represented by U.S. manufacturing leaders",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "July–August 2025 survey",
      "fieldwork_dates": "2025-07-23/2025-08-12",
      "publication_date": "2025-10-15",
      "publisher": "L2L",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_estimate",
      "sample": "More than 600 manufacturing leaders, 46 states, management level or above",
      "source_url": "https://www.l2l.com/news/l2l-report-reveals-impact-of-manufacturing-downtime",
      "source_locator": "Release findings and methodology paragraph for Beyond Breakdowns: The Impact of Manufacturing Downtime",
      "verification_tier": "★",
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      "comparator": "approximately",
      "economic_basis": "",
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      "page_anchor": "table-5",
      "source_conflict": "Publication dateline and original-version note conflict",
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      "source_publisher": "L2L",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "l2l-targets",
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      "value": 52,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Respondents",
      "population": "Facilities/companies represented by U.S. manufacturing leaders",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "July–August 2025 survey",
      "fieldwork_dates": "2025-07-23/2025-08-12",
      "publication_date": "2025-10-15",
      "publisher": "L2L",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_estimate",
      "sample": "More than 600 manufacturing leaders, 46 states, management level or above",
      "source_url": "https://www.l2l.com/news/l2l-report-reveals-impact-of-manufacturing-downtime",
      "source_locator": "Release findings and methodology paragraph for Beyond Breakdowns: The Impact of Manufacturing Downtime",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Self-reported survey; release dateline 2025-10-15 conflicts with revision note “Original version: 20 May 2026.”",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "52",
      "page_anchor": "table-5",
      "source_conflict": "Publication dateline and original-version note conflict",
      "source_id": "S07",
      "source_publisher": "L2L",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "l2l-reactive",
      "metric": "Leaders describing maintenance approach as reactive",
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      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Respondents",
      "population": "Facilities/companies represented by U.S. manufacturing leaders",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "July–August 2025 survey",
      "fieldwork_dates": "2025-07-23/2025-08-12",
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      "publisher": "L2L",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_estimate",
      "sample": "More than 600 manufacturing leaders, 46 states, management level or above",
      "source_url": "https://www.l2l.com/news/l2l-report-reveals-impact-of-manufacturing-downtime",
      "source_locator": "Release findings and methodology paragraph for Beyond Breakdowns: The Impact of Manufacturing Downtime",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Self-reported survey; release dateline 2025-10-15 conflicts with revision note “Original version: 20 May 2026.”",
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      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "67",
      "page_anchor": "table-5",
      "source_conflict": "Publication dateline and original-version note conflict",
      "source_id": "S07",
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      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
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      "value": 250000,
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      "denominator": "Threshold exceeded by six in ten represented companies",
      "population": "Facilities/companies represented by U.S. manufacturing leaders",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "July–August 2025 survey",
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      "publication_date": "2025-10-15",
      "publisher": "L2L",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "survey_question_threshold",
      "sample": "More than 600 manufacturing leaders, 46 states, management level or above",
      "source_url": "https://www.l2l.com/news/l2l-report-reveals-impact-of-manufacturing-downtime",
      "source_locator": "Release findings and methodology paragraph for Beyond Breakdowns: The Impact of Manufacturing Downtime",
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      "limitations": "Self-reported survey; release dateline 2025-10-15 conflicts with revision note “Original version: 20 May 2026.”",
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      "page_anchor": "table-5",
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      "source_id": "S07",
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      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "l2l-confidence",
      "metric": "Publisher-stated survey confidence level",
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      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Study-wide methodology statement",
      "population": "Facilities/companies represented by U.S. manufacturing leaders",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "July–August 2025 survey",
      "fieldwork_dates": "2025-07-23/2025-08-12",
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      "publisher": "L2L",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "publisher_reported_study_metadata",
      "sample": "More than 600 manufacturing leaders, 46 states, management level or above",
      "source_url": "https://www.l2l.com/news/l2l-report-reveals-impact-of-manufacturing-downtime",
      "source_locator": "Release findings and methodology paragraph for Beyond Breakdowns: The Impact of Manufacturing Downtime",
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      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Self-reported survey; release dateline 2025-10-15 conflicts with revision note “Original version: 20 May 2026.” No independent sampling-frame validation; ±4% is not asserted to be a confidence interval for the 30-hour mean.",
      "comparator": "=",
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      "page_anchor": "table-5",
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      "source_id": "S07",
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    {
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      "unit": "percent, stated ±",
      "denominator": "Study-wide methodology statement",
      "population": "Facilities/companies represented by U.S. manufacturing leaders",
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      "reference_period": "July–August 2025 survey",
      "fieldwork_dates": "2025-07-23/2025-08-12",
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      "publisher": "L2L",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "publisher_reported_study_metadata",
      "sample": "More than 600 manufacturing leaders, 46 states, management level or above",
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      "source_locator": "Release findings and methodology paragraph for Beyond Breakdowns: The Impact of Manufacturing Downtime",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Self-reported survey; release dateline 2025-10-15 conflicts with revision note “Original version: 20 May 2026.” No independent sampling-frame validation; ±4% is not asserted to be a confidence interval for the 30-hour mean.",
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      "raw_source_value": "4",
      "page_anchor": "table-5",
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      "source_id": "S07",
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    {
      "record_id": "l2l-states",
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      "value": 46,
      "unit": "states",
      "denominator": "Study-wide methodology statement",
      "population": "Facilities/companies represented by U.S. manufacturing leaders",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "July–August 2025 survey",
      "fieldwork_dates": "2025-07-23/2025-08-12",
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      "publisher": "L2L",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "publisher_reported_study_metadata",
      "sample": "More than 600 manufacturing leaders, 46 states, management level or above",
      "source_url": "https://www.l2l.com/news/l2l-report-reveals-impact-of-manufacturing-downtime",
      "source_locator": "Release findings and methodology paragraph for Beyond Breakdowns: The Impact of Manufacturing Downtime",
      "verification_tier": "★",
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      "limitations": "Self-reported survey; release dateline 2025-10-15 conflicts with revision note “Original version: 20 May 2026.” No independent sampling-frame validation; ±4% is not asserted to be a confidence interval for the 30-hour mean.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "46",
      "page_anchor": "table-5",
      "source_conflict": "Publication dateline and original-version note conflict",
      "source_id": "S07",
      "source_publisher": "L2L",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "abb2025-monthly",
      "metric": "Equipment-related interruptions at least monthly",
      "value": 44,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Respondents",
      "population": "Global senior decision-makers",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "2025 release; fieldwork dates not disclosed",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2025-10-14",
      "publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_estimate",
      "sample": "3,600 senior decision-makers",
      "source_url": "https://new.abb.com/news/detail/129763/industrial-downtime-costs-up-to-500-000-per-hour-and-can-happen-every-week",
      "source_locator": "Survey prevalence, hourly-cost bands and sample description",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Survey self-report; fieldwork dates not supplied in the release. Weekly group included within monthly-or-more group.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "44",
      "page_anchor": "table-5",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S12",
      "source_publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "abb2025-weekly",
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      "denominator": "Respondents",
      "population": "Global senior decision-makers",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "2025 release; fieldwork dates not disclosed",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2025-10-14",
      "publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_estimate",
      "sample": "3,600 senior decision-makers",
      "source_url": "https://new.abb.com/news/detail/129763/industrial-downtime-costs-up-to-500-000-per-hour-and-can-happen-every-week",
      "source_locator": "Survey prevalence, hourly-cost bands and sample description",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Survey self-report; fieldwork dates not supplied in the release. Subset of 44% at least monthly; do not add.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "14",
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    },
    {
      "record_id": "abb2025-above-10k",
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      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Respondents",
      "population": "Global senior decision-makers",
      "geography": "Global",
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      "publication_date": "2025-10-14",
      "publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
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      "sample": "3,600 senior decision-makers",
      "source_url": "https://new.abb.com/news/detail/129763/industrial-downtime-costs-up-to-500-000-per-hour-and-can-happen-every-week",
      "source_locator": "Survey prevalence, hourly-cost bands and sample description",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Survey self-report; fieldwork dates not supplied in the release. Threshold prevalence, not an average.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "83",
      "page_anchor": "table-5",
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    },
    {
      "record_id": "abb2025-up-to-500k",
      "metric": "Estimated downtime costs up to $500,000/hour",
      "value": 76,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Respondents",
      "population": "Global senior decision-makers",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "2025 release; fieldwork dates not disclosed",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2025-10-14",
      "publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_estimate",
      "sample": "3,600 senior decision-makers",
      "source_url": "https://new.abb.com/news/detail/129763/industrial-downtime-costs-up-to-500-000-per-hour-and-can-happen-every-week",
      "source_locator": "Survey prevalence, hourly-cost bands and sample description",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Survey self-report; fieldwork dates not supplied in the release. Publisher-reported band; does not establish a maximum cost.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "76",
      "page_anchor": "table-5",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S12",
      "source_publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "abb2025-above-500k",
      "metric": "Estimated downtime costs above $500,000/hour",
      "value": 7,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Respondents",
      "population": "Global senior decision-makers",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "2025 release; fieldwork dates not disclosed",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2025-10-14",
      "publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_estimate",
      "sample": "3,600 senior decision-makers",
      "source_url": "https://new.abb.com/news/detail/129763/industrial-downtime-costs-up-to-500-000-per-hour-and-can-happen-every-week",
      "source_locator": "Survey prevalence, hourly-cost bands and sample description",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Survey self-report; fieldwork dates not supplied in the release. Demonstrates that $500,000 is not the full-sample maximum.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "7",
      "page_anchor": "table-5",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S12",
      "source_publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "abb2025-10k-threshold",
      "metric": "Hourly-cost band threshold",
      "value": 10000,
      "unit": "USD per hour",
      "denominator": "Survey response band",
      "population": "Global senior decision-makers",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "2025 release; fieldwork dates not disclosed",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2025-10-14",
      "publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "survey_question_threshold",
      "sample": "3,600 senior decision-makers",
      "source_url": "https://new.abb.com/news/detail/129763/industrial-downtime-costs-up-to-500-000-per-hour-and-can-happen-every-week",
      "source_locator": "Survey prevalence, hourly-cost bands and sample description",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Survey self-report; fieldwork dates not supplied in the release.",
      "comparator": ">=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "10000",
      "page_anchor": "table-5",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S12",
      "source_publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "abb2025-500k-threshold",
      "metric": "Hourly-cost band threshold",
      "value": 500000,
      "unit": "USD per hour",
      "denominator": "Survey response band",
      "population": "Global senior decision-makers",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "2025 release; fieldwork dates not disclosed",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2025-10-14",
      "publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "survey_question_threshold",
      "sample": "3,600 senior decision-makers",
      "source_url": "https://new.abb.com/news/detail/129763/industrial-downtime-costs-up-to-500-000-per-hour-and-can-happen-every-week",
      "source_locator": "Survey prevalence, hourly-cost bands and sample description",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Survey self-report; fieldwork dates not supplied in the release.",
      "comparator": "<= or >, depending on cited band",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "500000",
      "page_anchor": "table-5",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S12",
      "source_publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "abb2023-hourly-median",
      "metric": "Median estimated downtime cost per hour",
      "value": 125000,
      "unit": "USD per hour",
      "denominator": "Hour of downtime as estimated by respondents",
      "population": "Plant maintenance decision-makers across eleven listed sectors",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "July 2023 fieldwork",
      "fieldwork_dates": "2023-07",
      "publication_date": "2023-10-11",
      "publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "survey_median",
      "sample": "3,215 decision-makers",
      "source_url": "https://new.abb.com/news/detail/107660/abb-survey-reveals-unplanned-downtime-costs-125-000-per-hour",
      "source_locator": "Survey description and notes to editors",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Questionnaire responses, not accounting records; median not mean.",
      "comparator": "approximately",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "125000",
      "page_anchor": "table-3",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S13",
      "source_publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "abb2023-monthly",
      "metric": "Businesses reporting unplanned outages at least monthly",
      "value": 2,
      "unit": "fraction numerator (denominator 3)",
      "denominator": "3 (fraction denominator); surveyed businesses",
      "population": "Plant maintenance decision-makers across eleven listed sectors",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "July 2023 fieldwork",
      "fieldwork_dates": "2023-07",
      "publication_date": "2023-10-11",
      "publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "publisher_type": "vendor-funded survey",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_estimate",
      "sample": "3,215 decision-makers",
      "source_url": "https://new.abb.com/news/detail/107660/abb-survey-reveals-unplanned-downtime-costs-125-000-per-hour",
      "source_locator": "Survey description and notes to editors",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Publisher gives a fraction, not a precise percentage. Not a like-for-like trend with ABB’s 2025 question.",
      "comparator": "> 2/3",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "Over two-thirds",
      "page_anchor": "how-much-downtime",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S13",
      "source_publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "itic-hourly-threshold",
      "metric": "IT downtime hourly cost threshold",
      "value": 300000,
      "unit": "USD per hour",
      "denominator": "Hourly cost threshold",
      "population": "ITIC: midsize and large enterprises for stated prevalence; overall sample includes firms of varying sizes",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "2024 report",
      "fieldwork_dates": "November 2023–mid-March 2024",
      "publication_date": "2024-09-03",
      "publisher": "Information Technology Intelligence Consulting (ITIC)",
      "publisher_type": "IT research publisher",
      "evidence_type": "survey_question_threshold",
      "sample": "More than 1,000 firms overall",
      "source_url": "https://itic-corp.com/itic-2024-hourly-cost-of-downtime-report/",
      "source_locator": "Headline findings, sample and fieldwork description; Part 2 discussion of respondent cost estimates",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Respondent-estimated IT/server/network costs, not manufacturing production-equipment losses.",
      "comparator": ">",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "300000",
      "page_anchor": "table-3",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S14",
      "source_publisher": "Information Technology Intelligence Consulting (ITIC)",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "itic-enterprise-share",
      "metric": "Enterprises above the IT hourly cost threshold",
      "value": 90,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Midsize and large enterprises in publisher statement",
      "population": "ITIC: midsize and large enterprises for stated prevalence; overall sample includes firms of varying sizes",
      "geography": "Global",
      "reference_period": "2024 report",
      "fieldwork_dates": "November 2023–mid-March 2024",
      "publication_date": "2024-09-03",
      "publisher": "Information Technology Intelligence Consulting (ITIC)",
      "publisher_type": "IT research publisher",
      "evidence_type": "source_reported_estimate",
      "sample": "More than 1,000 firms overall",
      "source_url": "https://itic-corp.com/itic-2024-hourly-cost-of-downtime-report/",
      "source_locator": "Headline findings, sample and fieldwork description; Part 2 discussion of respondent cost estimates",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Respondent-estimated IT/server/network costs, not manufacturing production-equipment losses.",
      "comparator": ">",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "90",
      "page_anchor": "table-3",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S14",
      "source_publisher": "Information Technology Intelligence Consulting (ITIC)",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "fed-july-utilization",
      "metric": "Manufacturing capacity utilization",
      "value": 76.0,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Output / sustainable capacity",
      "population": "Federal Reserve manufacturing definition, including logging and specified publishing",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2026-07",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2026-08-18",
      "publisher": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "official_economic_estimate",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/20260818/default.htm",
      "source_locator": "Summary capacity-utilization table; Industry Groups; annual-revision notice; manufacturing coverage note",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Preliminary, seasonally adjusted, August 18 release vintage. Not a downtime rate.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "76.0",
      "page_anchor": "stat-capacity",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S05",
      "source_publisher": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "fed-longrun-utilization",
      "metric": "Long-run average manufacturing capacity utilization",
      "value": 78.2,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Output / sustainable capacity",
      "population": "Federal Reserve manufacturing definition",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "1972–2025 average",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2026-08-18",
      "publisher": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "official_economic_estimate",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/20260818/default.htm",
      "source_locator": "Summary capacity-utilization table; Industry Groups; annual-revision notice; manufacturing coverage note",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Comparator as printed in the August 18, 2026 release; not downtime.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "78.2",
      "page_anchor": "stat-capacity",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S05",
      "source_publisher": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "calc-fed-gap",
      "metric": "July utilization below long-run average",
      "value": 2.2,
      "unit": "percentage points",
      "denominator": "78.2 minus 76.0",
      "population": "Federal Reserve manufacturing definition",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "July 2026 compared with 1972–2025 average",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2026-09-12",
      "publisher": "Greensboro Dock Door Repair Research",
      "publisher_type": "original compilation and calculation",
      "evidence_type": "original_calculation",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/20260818/default.htm",
      "source_locator": "Summary capacity-utilization table; Industry Groups; annual-revision notice; manufacturing coverage note",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Percentage-point difference, not a percent of production lost to breakdowns.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "2.2",
      "page_anchor": "stat-capacity",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S05",
      "source_publisher": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "census-groups",
      "metric": "Current QPC publication industry groups",
      "value": 93,
      "unit": "industry groups",
      "denominator": "Program publication levels",
      "population": "QPC industries in current Census methodology",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "Methodology checked 2026-09-12; current sample introduced Q1 2025",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "",
      "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "official_program_metadata",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/qpc/about.html",
      "source_locator": "Current methodology: Target Population and Sample Design",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Legacy overview says 95; current methodology and program page say 93. Current description used with discrepancy disclosed.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "93",
      "page_anchor": "stat-census-reasons",
      "source_conflict": "Legacy overview versus current program/methodology",
      "source_id": "S06",
      "source_publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "census-employee-threshold",
      "metric": "Minimum establishment employee threshold in current QPC methodology",
      "value": 5,
      "unit": "employees",
      "denominator": "Establishment",
      "population": "Domestic establishments in the QPC industry groups",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "Current sample introduced Q1 2025",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "",
      "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "official_program_metadata",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/qpc/about.html",
      "source_locator": "Current methodology: Target Population",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Current methodology says employees; legacy overview says production workers. No inference that these populations are identical.",
      "comparator": ">=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "5",
      "page_anchor": "federal-record",
      "source_conflict": "Current versus legacy population wording",
      "source_id": "S06",
      "source_publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nc-jobs",
      "metric": "Manufacturing employment",
      "value": 449300,
      "unit": "jobs",
      "denominator": "Payroll jobs",
      "population": "Manufacturing employment in the named geography",
      "geography": "North Carolina",
      "reference_period": "2026-07",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "official_employment_estimate",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.nc.htm",
      "source_locator": "Manufacturing row: July 2026 jobs and twelve-month change; adjustment and preliminary footnotes",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Preliminary; seasonally adjusted; raw source 449.3 thousand; extracted September 11, 2026.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "449.3 thousand",
      "page_anchor": "table-9",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S08",
      "source_publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "nc-yoy",
      "metric": "Twelve-month change in manufacturing employment",
      "value": -2.2,
      "unit": "percent",
      "denominator": "Year-earlier manufacturing employment",
      "population": "Manufacturing employment in the named geography",
      "geography": "North Carolina",
      "reference_period": "July 2025–July 2026",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "official_employment_estimate",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.nc.htm",
      "source_locator": "Manufacturing row: July 2026 jobs and twelve-month change; adjustment and preliminary footnotes",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Preliminary; seasonally adjusted; not downtime.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "-2.2%",
      "page_anchor": "table-9",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S08",
      "source_publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "metro-jobs",
      "metric": "Manufacturing employment",
      "value": 47400,
      "unit": "jobs",
      "denominator": "Payroll jobs",
      "population": "Manufacturing employment in the named geography",
      "geography": "Greensboro–High Point, North Carolina metropolitan area",
      "reference_period": "2026-07",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "official_employment_estimate",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.nc_greensboro_msa.htm",
      "source_locator": "Manufacturing row: July 2026; preliminary and seasonal-adjustment notes",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Preliminary; NOT seasonally adjusted; raw source 47.4 thousand; not a county figure.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "47.4 thousand",
      "page_anchor": "table-9",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S09",
      "source_publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "qcew2018-state",
      "metric": "Private manufacturing establishments",
      "value": 10210,
      "unit": "establishments",
      "denominator": "Private manufacturing establishments in named geography",
      "population": "Private manufacturing, selected QCEW table",
      "geography": "North Carolina",
      "reference_period": "2018 annual",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "",
      "publisher": "North Carolina Department of Commerce, Labor and Economic Analysis Division",
      "publisher_type": "state government",
      "evidence_type": "official_historical_count",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://d4.nccommerce.com/QCEWSelection.aspx?q=525",
      "source_locator": "2018 annual, private ownership, manufacturing: North Carolina, Guilford, Randolph and Rockingham",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Historical data, not current and not claimed latest. Establishments are not downtime events.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "10210",
      "page_anchor": "table-9",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S10",
      "source_publisher": "North Carolina Department of Commerce, Labor and Economic Analysis Division",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "qcew2018-guilford",
      "metric": "Private manufacturing establishments",
      "value": 682,
      "unit": "establishments",
      "denominator": "Private manufacturing establishments in named geography",
      "population": "Private manufacturing, selected QCEW table",
      "geography": "Guilford County, North Carolina",
      "reference_period": "2018 annual",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "",
      "publisher": "North Carolina Department of Commerce, Labor and Economic Analysis Division",
      "publisher_type": "state government",
      "evidence_type": "official_historical_count",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://d4.nccommerce.com/QCEWSelection.aspx?q=525",
      "source_locator": "2018 annual, private ownership, manufacturing: North Carolina, Guilford, Randolph and Rockingham",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Historical data, not current and not claimed latest. Establishments are not downtime events.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "682",
      "page_anchor": "table-9",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S10",
      "source_publisher": "North Carolina Department of Commerce, Labor and Economic Analysis Division",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "qcew2018-randolph",
      "metric": "Private manufacturing establishments",
      "value": 274,
      "unit": "establishments",
      "denominator": "Private manufacturing establishments in named geography",
      "population": "Private manufacturing, selected QCEW table",
      "geography": "Randolph County, North Carolina",
      "reference_period": "2018 annual",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "",
      "publisher": "North Carolina Department of Commerce, Labor and Economic Analysis Division",
      "publisher_type": "state government",
      "evidence_type": "official_historical_count",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://d4.nccommerce.com/QCEWSelection.aspx?q=525",
      "source_locator": "2018 annual, private ownership, manufacturing: North Carolina, Guilford, Randolph and Rockingham",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Historical data, not current and not claimed latest. Establishments are not downtime events.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "274",
      "page_anchor": "table-9",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S10",
      "source_publisher": "North Carolina Department of Commerce, Labor and Economic Analysis Division",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "qcew2018-rockingham",
      "metric": "Private manufacturing establishments",
      "value": 82,
      "unit": "establishments",
      "denominator": "Private manufacturing establishments in named geography",
      "population": "Private manufacturing, selected QCEW table",
      "geography": "Rockingham County, North Carolina",
      "reference_period": "2018 annual",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "",
      "publisher": "North Carolina Department of Commerce, Labor and Economic Analysis Division",
      "publisher_type": "state government",
      "evidence_type": "official_historical_count",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://d4.nccommerce.com/QCEWSelection.aspx?q=525",
      "source_locator": "2018 annual, private ownership, manufacturing: North Carolina, Guilford, Randolph and Rockingham",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Historical data, not current and not claimed latest. Establishments are not downtime events.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "82",
      "page_anchor": "table-9",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S10",
      "source_publisher": "North Carolina Department of Commerce, Labor and Economic Analysis Division",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "bls-fatal2023",
      "metric": "Fatal occupational injuries in private manufacturing",
      "value": 391,
      "unit": "fatal occupational injuries",
      "denominator": "Manufacturing industry during reference year",
      "population": "Private manufacturing",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2023",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "official_fatal_injury_count",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/iif/fatal-injuries-tables/fatal-occupational-injuries-table-a-1-2023.htm",
      "source_locator": "Private-industry manufacturing total and contact-incidents column",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "All event categories; not equipment-failure fatalities.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "391",
      "page_anchor": "federal-record",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S19",
      "source_publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "bls-contact2023",
      "metric": "Fatal occupational injuries: contact incidents in manufacturing",
      "value": 120,
      "unit": "fatal occupational injuries",
      "denominator": "Manufacturing industry during reference year",
      "population": "Private manufacturing",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2023",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "official_fatal_injury_count",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/iif/fatal-injuries-tables/fatal-occupational-injuries-table-a-1-2023.htm",
      "source_locator": "Private-industry manufacturing total and contact-incidents column",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Event category, not a count of downtime-caused deaths.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "120",
      "page_anchor": "federal-record",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S19",
      "source_publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "bls-fatal2024",
      "metric": "Fatal occupational injuries in private manufacturing",
      "value": 353,
      "unit": "fatal occupational injuries",
      "denominator": "Manufacturing industry during reference year",
      "population": "Private manufacturing",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2024",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "2026-04-28",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "official_fatal_injury_count",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2026/fatal-work-injuries-declined-in-2024.htm",
      "source_locator": "Private-industry table, Manufacturing, 2024 and 2023 columns",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "All event categories; not a downtime measure.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "353",
      "page_anchor": "federal-record",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S22",
      "source_publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "bls-recordable-2023",
      "metric": "Total recordable occupational injury-and-illness incidence rate",
      "value": 2.8,
      "unit": "cases per 100 full-time-equivalent workers",
      "denominator": "100 full-time-equivalent workers",
      "population": "Private manufacturing, NAICS 31–33",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2023",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "official_injury_illness_rate",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/iif/nonfatal-injuries-and-illnesses-tables/table-1-injury-and-illness-rates-by-industry-2023-national.htm",
      "source_locator": "Private manufacturing, NAICS 31–33, total recordable cases",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Injuries AND illnesses; not percent of individual employees injured and not an injury-only rate.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "2.8",
      "page_anchor": "federal-record",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S20",
      "source_publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    },
    {
      "record_id": "bls-recordable-2022",
      "metric": "Total recordable occupational injury-and-illness incidence rate",
      "value": 3.2,
      "unit": "cases per 100 full-time-equivalent workers",
      "denominator": "100 full-time-equivalent workers",
      "population": "Private manufacturing, NAICS 31–33",
      "geography": "United States",
      "reference_period": "2022",
      "fieldwork_dates": "",
      "publication_date": "",
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "publisher_type": "government / federal research",
      "evidence_type": "official_injury_illness_rate",
      "sample": "",
      "source_url": "https://www.bls.gov/iif/nonfatal-injuries-and-illnesses-tables/table-1-injury-and-illness-rates-by-industry-2022-national.htm",
      "source_locator": "Private manufacturing, NAICS 31–33, total recordable cases",
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "limitations": "Injuries AND illnesses; not percent of individual employees injured and not an injury-only rate.",
      "comparator": "=",
      "economic_basis": "",
      "raw_source_value": "3.2",
      "page_anchor": "federal-record",
      "source_conflict": "",
      "source_id": "S21",
      "source_publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "additional_source_urls": ""
    }
  ],
  "nist_component_reconciliation": [
    {
      "component": "Direct maintenance costs",
      "estimate_2020_usd_billion_2016": "57.3",
      "monte_carlo_mean_2021_usd_billion_2016": "81.6",
      "difference": "24.3",
      "share_of_total_difference": "85.563380",
      "source_2020_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "source_2021_locator": "Table 5, printed p. 8",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_2020_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_2021_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "calculation_basis": "2021 mean minus 2020 point estimate; share is percent of the 28.4 billion total difference, not a time trend",
      "economic_basis": "2016 USD billion",
      "verification_tier": "★"
    },
    {
      "component": "Additional costs due to faults and failures",
      "estimate_2020_usd_billion_2016": "16.3",
      "monte_carlo_mean_2021_usd_billion_2016": "15.7",
      "difference": "-0.6",
      "share_of_total_difference": "-2.112676",
      "source_2020_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "source_2021_locator": "Table 5, printed p. 8",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_2020_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_2021_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "calculation_basis": "2021 mean minus 2020 point estimate; share is percent of the 28.4 billion total difference, not a time trend",
      "economic_basis": "2016 USD billion",
      "verification_tier": "★"
    },
    {
      "component": "Inventory costs associated with maintenance",
      "estimate_2020_usd_billion_2016": "0.9",
      "monte_carlo_mean_2021_usd_billion_2016": "0.8",
      "difference": "-0.1",
      "share_of_total_difference": "-0.352113",
      "source_2020_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "source_2021_locator": "Table 5, printed p. 8",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_2020_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_2021_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "calculation_basis": "2021 mean minus 2020 point estimate; share is percent of the 28.4 billion total difference, not a time trend",
      "economic_basis": "2016 USD billion",
      "verification_tier": "★"
    },
    {
      "component": "Maintenance-associated unplanned downtime costs",
      "estimate_2020_usd_billion_2016": "18.1",
      "monte_carlo_mean_2021_usd_billion_2016": "18.4",
      "difference": "0.3",
      "share_of_total_difference": "1.056338",
      "source_2020_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "source_2021_locator": "Table 5, printed p. 8",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_2020_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_2021_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "calculation_basis": "2021 mean minus 2020 point estimate; share is percent of the 28.4 billion total difference, not a time trend",
      "economic_basis": "2016 USD billion",
      "verification_tier": "★"
    },
    {
      "component": "Lost sales due to maintenance issues",
      "estimate_2020_usd_billion_2016": "100.2",
      "monte_carlo_mean_2021_usd_billion_2016": "105.0",
      "difference": "4.8",
      "share_of_total_difference": "16.901408",
      "source_2020_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "source_2021_locator": "Table 5, printed p. 8",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_2020_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_2021_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "calculation_basis": "2021 mean minus 2020 point estimate; share is percent of the 28.4 billion total difference, not a time trend",
      "economic_basis": "2016 USD billion",
      "verification_tier": "★"
    },
    {
      "component": "Losses due to defects",
      "estimate_2020_usd_billion_2016": "0.8",
      "monte_carlo_mean_2021_usd_billion_2016": "0.5",
      "difference": "-0.3",
      "share_of_total_difference": "-1.056338",
      "source_2020_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "source_2021_locator": "Table 5, printed p. 8",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_2020_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_2021_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "calculation_basis": "2021 mean minus 2020 point estimate; share is percent of the 28.4 billion total difference, not a time trend",
      "economic_basis": "2016 USD billion",
      "verification_tier": "★"
    }
  ],
  "nist_confidence_interval_comparison": [
    {
      "line_item": "Costs (subtotal)",
      "point_estimate": 74.5,
      "ci_2020_low": 50.8,
      "ci_2020_high": 103.3,
      "ci_2021_low": 49.8,
      "ci_2021_high": 98.8,
      "notes": "Both published 90% intervals transcribed as printed. Neither is designated an agency-issued correction. Within the 2021 article, narrative assigns 50.8–103.3 to direct maintenance; its Table 4 gives direct maintenance 42.4–72.2.",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_2020_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_2021_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_2020_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "source_2021_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 7",
      "unit": "USD billion, 2016 economic basis",
      "confidence_level_percent": 90,
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "status": "source_conflict_transcription"
    },
    {
      "line_item": "Inventory costs",
      "point_estimate": 0.9,
      "ci_2020_low": 1.3,
      "ci_2020_high": 5.6,
      "ci_2021_low": 0.3,
      "ci_2021_high": 1.1,
      "notes": "Both published 90% intervals transcribed as printed. Neither is designated an agency-issued correction. The 2020 interval excludes the printed point estimate. The 2020 narrative reports inventory estimates between 0.8 and 0.9 billion, which does not establish a corrected interval.",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_2020_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_2021_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_2020_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "source_2021_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 7",
      "unit": "USD billion, 2016 economic basis",
      "confidence_level_percent": 90,
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "status": "source_conflict_transcription"
    },
    {
      "line_item": "Total costs and losses",
      "point_estimate": 193.6,
      "ci_2020_low": 94.7,
      "ci_2020_high": 300.7,
      "ci_2021_low": 93.6,
      "ci_2021_high": 296.2,
      "notes": "Both published 90% intervals transcribed as printed. Neither is designated an agency-issued correction. Separately, 2020 text beneath Table 5.1 gives downtime 9.4–29.5; Table 8.1 gives 10.4–27.8. Neither is substituted as the correct interval.",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_2020_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "source_2021_url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "source_2020_locator": "Table 8.1, printed p. 39",
      "source_2021_locator": "Table 4, printed p. 7",
      "unit": "USD billion, 2016 economic basis",
      "confidence_level_percent": 90,
      "verification_tier": "★",
      "status": "source_conflict_transcription"
    }
  ],
  "additional_within_publication_conflicts": [
    {
      "metric": "Downtime 90% interval",
      "source_id": "S01",
      "point_estimate": 18.1,
      "unit": "USD billion, 2016 basis",
      "passages": [
        {
          "locator": "Text beneath Table 5.1",
          "low": 9.4,
          "high": 29.5
        },
        {
          "locator": "Table 8.1",
          "low": 10.4,
          "high": 27.8
        }
      ],
      "status": "unresolved_source_conflict"
    },
    {
      "metric": "Direct-maintenance 90% interval",
      "source_id": "S02",
      "point_estimate": 57.3,
      "unit": "USD billion, 2016 basis",
      "passages": [
        {
          "locator": "Narrative",
          "low": 50.8,
          "high": 103.3
        },
        {
          "locator": "Table 4",
          "low": 42.4,
          "high": 72.2
        }
      ],
      "status": "unresolved_source_conflict"
    }
  ],
  "federal_source_map": [
    {
      "dataset": "Manufacturing Cost Guide figure in Annual Report on the U.S. Manufacturing Economy: 2025, AMS 100-76",
      "agency": "NIST",
      "cosponsors": "",
      "what_it_measures": "A guide-derived downtime share and dollar estimate restated in the report",
      "cadence": "February 2026 publication; not proof of annual remeasurement",
      "detail_level": "Covered U.S. discrete manufacturing, NAICS 321–339 excluding 324 and 325",
      "table_to_pull": "Costs/losses discussion, printed page 25",
      "relevance": "Downtime estimate",
      "access_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-76.pdf",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_id": "S03"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "Economics of Manufacturing Machinery Maintenance, AMS 100-34; 2021 journal analysis",
      "agency": "NIST / NIST authors",
      "cosponsors": "",
      "what_it_measures": "Six maintenance cost/loss components, including maintenance-associated unplanned downtime",
      "cadence": "2020 and 2021 publications on a 2016 economic basis",
      "detail_level": "Same specified manufacturing industry range",
      "table_to_pull": "AMS 100-34 Table 8.1; journal Tables 4–5",
      "relevance": "Downtime estimate",
      "access_url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_id": "S01"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "Quarterly Survey of Plant Capacity Utilization, Form MQ-C2",
      "agency": "U.S. Census Bureau; co-sponsored by Federal Reserve Board and Defense Logistics Agency",
      "cosponsors": "Federal Reserve Board; Defense Logistics Agency",
      "what_it_measures": "Actual/full capability, reasons for below-capacity operation and work patterns",
      "cadence": "Quarterly",
      "detail_level": "93 industry groups in current program documentation",
      "table_to_pull": "Table 3b; split from former Table 3 starting Q1 2022",
      "relevance": "Capacity context, not downtime rate",
      "access_url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/qpc/about.html",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_id": "S06"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "G.17 Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization",
      "agency": "Federal Reserve Board",
      "cosponsors": "",
      "what_it_measures": "Output indexes and output-to-capacity utilization ratios",
      "cadence": "Monthly, with revisions",
      "detail_level": "Market and industry groups; manufacturing scope as defined in G.17",
      "table_to_pull": "Current release summary and industry tables",
      "relevance": "Capacity context, not downtime rate",
      "access_url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/20260818/default.htm",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_id": "S05"
    },
    {
      "dataset": "Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries; Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses",
      "agency": "Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "cosponsors": "",
      "what_it_measures": "Fatal injuries, and nonfatal injuries/illnesses; not an equipment-downtime cause count",
      "cadence": "Annual",
      "detail_level": "Industry and event/case categories",
      "table_to_pull": "CFOI industry-by-event tables; SOII industry incidence tables",
      "relevance": "Safety context, not equipment-downtime cause counts",
      "access_url": "https://www.bls.gov/iif/fatal-injuries-tables/fatal-occupational-injuries-table-a-1-2023.htm",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "source_id": "S19"
    }
  ],
  "qpc_reasons": {
    "source_id": "S06",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/qpc/technical-documentation/questionnaires/form-mq-c2-7-2027-fillable.pdf",
    "source_locator": "Form MQ-C2, Item 3B, page 2",
    "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
    "reasons": [
      "Not most profitable to operate at full production capability",
      "Insufficient supply of materials",
      "Insufficient orders",
      "Insufficient supply of local labor force/skills",
      "Lack of sufficient fuel or electric energy",
      "Equipment limitations",
      "Storage limitations",
      "Logistics/transportation constraints",
      "Sufficient inventory of finished goods on hand",
      "Strike or work stoppage",
      "Seasonal operations",
      "Environmental restrictions",
      "Other – Specify"
    ],
    "note": "Primary reasons for actual production below full capability; not mutually exclusive downtime causes or measured percentages."
  },
  "formulas": {
    "nist_component_difference": "monte_carlo_mean_2021_usd_billion_2016 - estimate_2020_usd_billion_2016",
    "nist_total_difference": "222.0 - 193.6 = 28.4",
    "nist_direct_maintenance_share_percent": "(81.6 - 57.3) / (222.0 - 193.6) * 100",
    "nist_direct_maintenance_share_display": 85.6,
    "illustrative_time_product": "7.8 * 31.7 / 100 = 2.4726; displayed approximately 2.5 percent",
    "illustrative_time_product_limitation": "Product of two separate averages; not an observed national rate or average of respondent-level products",
    "capacity_gap_percentage_points": "78.2 - 76.0 = 2.2",
    "employment_unit_conversion": "Published thousands multiplied by 1000; seasonal adjustments unchanged"
  },
  "source_register": [
    {
      "source_id": "S01",
      "number": 1,
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "title": "Economics of Manufacturing Machinery Maintenance: A Survey and Analysis of U.S. Costs and Benefits. NIST AMS 100-34",
      "url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-34.pdf",
      "publication_date": "2020-06",
      "locator": "Tables 5.1 (printed p. 26), 5.4 (p. 30 and following text), and 8.1 (p. 39); relevant methodology and narrative",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Douglas S. Thomas and Brian A. Weiss. PDF table pages and associated text read directly. The conflicting intervals and capital-depreciation labels are preserved in this reference.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S02",
      "number": 2,
      "publisher": "NIST authors / International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management",
      "title": "Maintenance Costs and Advanced Maintenance Techniques in Manufacturing Machinery: Survey and Analysis",
      "url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=931612",
      "publication_date": "2021",
      "locator": "Data section; Table 1 (printed p. 2), Table 4 (p. 7), Table 5 (p. 8), Tables 6–7 (pp. 10–11)",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Douglas Thomas and Brian Weiss. Relevant PDF text and tables read directly. Table 1 is a literature review, not original empirical evidence for every earlier study it lists.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S03",
      "number": 3,
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "title": "Annual Report on the U.S. Manufacturing Economy: 2025. NIST AMS 100-76",
      "url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.100-76.pdf",
      "publication_date": "2026-02",
      "locator": "Costs/losses discussion, printed p. 25, including the Manufacturing Cost Guide attribution",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Douglas Thomas. The cited passage reports $245 billion and 8.3%; it does not specify the dollar figure’s economic reference year or reconcile it with the maintenance-survey downtime component.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S04",
      "number": 4,
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "title": "Annual Report on the U.S. Manufacturing Economy: 2023. NIST AMS 600-13-upd1",
      "url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.600-13-upd1.pdf",
      "publication_date": "2023-11",
      "locator": "Printed p. 24, text below Table 3.3; publication includes updates as of November 20, 2023",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Douglas Thomas. Earlier restatement of the same Manufacturing Cost Guide figures; not an independent survey.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S05",
      "number": 5,
      "publisher": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System",
      "title": "Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization—G.17, August 18, 2026 release",
      "url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/20260818/default.htm",
      "publication_date": "2026-08-18",
      "locator": "Summary capacity-utilization table; Industry Groups; annual-revision notice; manufacturing coverage note",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "July 2026 values are preliminary. The dated release is retained rather than substituting a later revision through an undated current-release link.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S06",
      "number": 6,
      "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
      "title": "Quarterly Survey of Plant Capacity Utilization: program, current methodology, questionnaire and tables",
      "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/qpc/about.html",
      "publication_date": null,
      "locator": "Program overview; current methodology target population and sample design; current Form MQ-C2 Item 3B",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Current methodology specifies five or more employees and 93 groups. The legacy overview says production workers and 95 groups; the reference discloses that version difference. Current-quarter Table 3b percentages were not transcribed.",
      "additional_urls": [
        {
          "title": "Current methodology: target population and sample introduced in Q1 2025",
          "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/qpc/technical-documentation/methodology.html"
        },
        {
          "title": "Current Form MQ-C2 (PDF), Item 3B on page 2; OMB 0607-0175, approval expires July 31, 2027",
          "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/qpc/technical-documentation/questionnaires/form-mq-c2-7-2027-fillable.pdf"
        },
        {
          "title": "Quarterly data tables",
          "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/qpc/data/tables.html"
        },
        {
          "title": "Updated checkbox tables: Table 3a and Table 3b from Q1 2022",
          "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/qpc/technical-documentation/updates/updated-checkbox-table.html"
        },
        {
          "title": "Legacy overview (different population wording and 95-group description)",
          "url": "https://www.census.gov/econ/overview/ma0900.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S07",
      "number": 7,
      "publisher": "L2L",
      "title": "New Study: Only Half of Manufacturers Successfully Reduce Downtime",
      "url": "https://www.l2l.com/news/l2l-report-reveals-impact-of-manufacturing-downtime",
      "publication_date": "2025-10-15",
      "locator": "Release findings and methodology paragraph for Beyond Breakdowns: The Impact of Manufacturing Downtime",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Dateline: October 15, 2025. Revision note: “Original version: 20 May 2026.” Both strings were read; their conflict is unresolved. Fieldwork: July 23–August 12, 2025; more than 600 U.S. manufacturing leaders, 46 states. Confidence and margin-of-error statements are the publisher’s claims, not independently validated here.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S08",
      "number": 8,
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "title": "North Carolina Economy at a Glance",
      "url": "https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.nc.htm",
      "publication_date": null,
      "locator": "Manufacturing row: July 2026 jobs and twelve-month change; adjustment and preliminary footnotes",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Data extracted September 11, 2026. Jobs were converted from the published thousands; state series seasonally adjusted.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S09",
      "number": 9,
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "title": "Greensboro–High Point, NC Economy at a Glance",
      "url": "https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.nc_greensboro_msa.htm",
      "publication_date": null,
      "locator": "Manufacturing row: July 2026; preliminary and seasonal-adjustment notes",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Data extracted September 11, 2026. Metropolitan employment is not seasonally adjusted; it is not a Guilford County count.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S10",
      "number": 10,
      "publisher": "North Carolina Department of Commerce, Labor and Economic Analysis Division",
      "title": "D4 Industry Employment / QCEW selected table: private manufacturing establishments, 2018 annual",
      "url": "https://d4.nccommerce.com/QCEWSelection.aspx?q=525",
      "publication_date": null,
      "locator": "2018 annual, private ownership, manufacturing: North Carolina, Guilford, Randolph and Rockingham",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "The selected historical table was read directly. These are not current counts and are not claimed to be the latest available county data.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S11",
      "number": 11,
      "publisher": "Siemens / Senseye",
      "title": "The True Cost of Downtime 2024",
      "url": "https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:1b43afb5-2d07-47f7-9eb7-893fe7d0bc59/tcod-2024_original.pdf",
      "publication_date": "2024",
      "locator": "Executive summary p. 3; hourly-cost discussion pp. 4–6; downtime-frequency discussion p. 10; methodology p. 15",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "PDF read directly. 181 completed interviews overall; reported survey-results window April 2019–March 2023. Combined cross-edition comparisons are indicative because sector mix changes. $2.3 million is a large-automotive-plant estimate, not an identified hard ceiling.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S12",
      "number": 12,
      "publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "title": "Industrial downtime costs up to $500,000 per hour and can happen every week",
      "url": "https://new.abb.com/news/detail/129763/industrial-downtime-costs-up-to-500-000-per-hour-and-can-happen-every-week",
      "publication_date": "2025-10-14",
      "locator": "Survey prevalence, hourly-cost bands and sample description",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Release read directly; 3,600 global senior decision-makers. Fieldwork dates not stated in the release. Weekly interruptions are included within at-least-monthly interruptions; the release also reports responses above $500,000/hour.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S13",
      "number": 13,
      "publisher": "ABB / Sapio Research",
      "title": "ABB survey reveals unplanned downtime costs $125,000 per hour",
      "url": "https://new.abb.com/news/detail/107660/abb-survey-reveals-unplanned-downtime-costs-125-000-per-hour",
      "publication_date": "2023-10-11",
      "locator": "Survey description and notes to editors",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Release read directly, including median and questionnaire-versus-accounting-record footnotes. July 2023 fieldwork; 3,215 decision-makers in eleven listed sectors. The full survey report was not represented as independently inspected.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S14",
      "number": 14,
      "publisher": "Information Technology Intelligence Consulting (ITIC)",
      "title": "ITIC 2024 Hourly Cost of Downtime Report; Part 2",
      "url": "https://itic-corp.com/itic-2024-hourly-cost-of-downtime-report/",
      "publication_date": "2024-09-03",
      "locator": "Headline findings, sample and fieldwork description; Part 2 discussion of respondent cost estimates",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "More than 1,000 firms worldwide overall; November 2023–mid-March 2024 fieldwork. These are IT/server/network costs, not a production-equipment survey.",
      "additional_urls": [
        {
          "title": "ITIC 2024 Hourly Cost of Downtime, Part 2",
          "url": "https://itic-corp.com/itic-2024-hourly-cost-of-downtime-part-2/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S15",
      "number": 15,
      "publisher": "Origin not verified",
      "title": "Excluded Aberdeen and Gartner source leads",
      "url": null,
      "publication_date": null,
      "locator": "Retrieval-status entry only",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "excluded_origin_not_retrieved",
      "notes": "No accessible original document establishing the cited claim’s date, sample and calculation was retrieved in this verification pass. No source URL or publication date is certified here. These are excluded claim leads, not numerical evidence sources.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S16",
      "number": 16,
      "publisher": "ISA Interchange / Automation.com",
      "title": "How much is plant or facility downtime costing you?",
      "url": "https://www.automation.com/article/downtime-factory-plant-industrial-costs-risks",
      "publication_date": "2011-11-22",
      "locator": "Productive-capacity assertion and article byline",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Dave Crumrine and Doug Post. Original ISA Interchange address redirects to the accessible Automation.com article. The article’s assertion has no supporting empirical method; it is excluded as a measured benchmark.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S17",
      "number": 17,
      "publisher": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System",
      "title": "Some Characteristics of the Decline in Manufacturing Capacity Utilization",
      "url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/some-characteristics-of-the-decline-in-manufacturing-capacity-utilization-20180301.html",
      "publication_date": "2018-03-01",
      "locator": "Sustainable-capacity definition and discussion of QPC reasons for underutilization",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Historical analysis, not a current-quarter breakdown of the causes of underutilization.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S18",
      "number": 18,
      "publisher": "Original thesis not retrieved; bibliographic lead checked in NIST",
      "title": "Tabikh, Mohamad. Downtime Cost and Reduction Analysis: Survey Results. Master’s thesis, Mälardalen University (2014)",
      "url": null,
      "publication_date": "2014",
      "locator": "Bibliographic identification in NIST’s 2021 Table 1 and references, and 2023 annual-report reference 18",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "excluded_origin_not_retrieved",
      "notes": "The original thesis was not accessible in this pass. Its empirical figure is excluded from accepted numerical observations. The working NIST documents in sources 2 and 4 establish the bibliographic lead, not independent verification of the thesis’s results.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S19",
      "number": 19,
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "title": "Table A-1. Fatal occupational injuries by industry and event or exposure, all United States, 2023",
      "url": "https://www.bls.gov/iif/fatal-injuries-tables/fatal-occupational-injuries-table-a-1-2023.htm",
      "publication_date": null,
      "locator": "Private-industry manufacturing total and contact-incidents column",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "391 fatal occupational injuries in manufacturing, including 120 contact incidents. These are event classifications, not a count of deaths caused by equipment downtime.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S20",
      "number": 20,
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "title": "Table 1. Incidence rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses by industry and case types, 2023",
      "url": "https://www.bls.gov/iif/nonfatal-injuries-and-illnesses-tables/table-1-injury-and-illness-rates-by-industry-2023-national.htm",
      "publication_date": null,
      "locator": "Private manufacturing, NAICS 31–33, total recordable cases",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "2.8 injury-and-illness cases per 100 full-time-equivalent workers; not an injury-only rate.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S21",
      "number": 21,
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "title": "Table 1. Incidence rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses by industry and case types, 2022",
      "url": "https://www.bls.gov/iif/nonfatal-injuries-and-illnesses-tables/table-1-injury-and-illness-rates-by-industry-2022-national.htm",
      "publication_date": null,
      "locator": "Private manufacturing, NAICS 31–33, total recordable cases",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "3.2 injury-and-illness cases per 100 full-time-equivalent workers. Historical comparator.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S22",
      "number": 22,
      "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
      "title": "Fatal work injuries declined in 2024",
      "url": "https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2026/fatal-work-injuries-declined-in-2024.htm",
      "publication_date": "2026-04-28",
      "locator": "Private-industry table, Manufacturing, 2024 and 2023 columns",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "353 manufacturing fatalities for 2024, compared with 391 for 2023. This is safety context, not a downtime loss measure.",
      "additional_urls": []
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S23",
      "number": 23,
      "publisher": "Occupational Safety and Health Administration",
      "title": "29 CFR 1910.147—The control of hazardous energy; 29 CFR 1910.212—General requirements for all machines",
      "url": "https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.147",
      "publication_date": null,
      "locator": "Scope and employer training requirements in 1910.147, including paragraph (c)(7); general machine-guarding requirements in 1910.212",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Standards consulted for the nonprocedural safety statement only.",
      "additional_urls": [
        {
          "title": "29 CFR 1910.212—General requirements for all machines",
          "url": "https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.212"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source_id": "S24",
      "number": 24,
      "publisher": "International Society of Automation",
      "title": "Contact ISA",
      "url": "https://www.isa.org/about-isa/contact-us",
      "publication_date": null,
      "locator": "Physical-location and mailing-location labels",
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12",
      "verification_status": "direct_primary_source_read",
      "notes": "Read for the Durham versus Research Triangle Park distinction only. No phone numbers, addresses or commercial contact details are reproduced on this page.",
      "additional_urls": []
    }
  ],
  "excluded_or_unresolved_items": [
    {
      "item": "Aberdeen hourly cost claim",
      "reason": "Origin publication, date, sample and calculation not verified.",
      "accepted_numeric_value": null,
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12"
    },
    {
      "item": "Aberdeen-attributed outage prevalence and equipment-failure share",
      "reason": "No original empirical source verified.",
      "accepted_numeric_value": null,
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12"
    },
    {
      "item": "Gartner per-minute downtime claim",
      "reason": "Origin document not retrieved; no verified publication year or empirical benchmark accepted.",
      "accepted_numeric_value": null,
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12"
    },
    {
      "item": "ISA productive-capacity assertion",
      "reason": "Article located and date verified; no supporting study or reproducible empirical method given.",
      "accepted_numeric_value": null,
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12"
    },
    {
      "item": "National annual manufacturing downtime total attributed variously to Aberdeen/Forbes",
      "reason": "No original empirical source verified.",
      "accepted_numeric_value": null,
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12"
    },
    {
      "item": "Competing equipment-failure shares",
      "reason": "No original sources establishing the competing percentages or matching denominators verified.",
      "accepted_numeric_value": null,
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12"
    },
    {
      "item": "Current Census Table 3b equipment-limitations percentages",
      "reason": "Structure and questionnaire checked; current-quarter values not transcribed.",
      "accepted_numeric_value": null,
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12"
    },
    {
      "item": "Current Guilford County manufacturing counts",
      "reason": "Only the explicitly historical 2018 county table was compiled.",
      "accepted_numeric_value": null,
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12"
    },
    {
      "item": "Bridge between Manufacturing Cost Guide and maintenance-survey dollar estimates",
      "reason": "Both source statements verified; relationship and guide figure’s economic reference year unresolved.",
      "accepted_numeric_value": null,
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12"
    },
    {
      "item": "L2L release chronology",
      "reason": "October 15, 2025 dateline and May 20, 2026 original-version note both verified; chronology unresolved.",
      "accepted_numeric_value": null,
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12"
    },
    {
      "item": "NIST literature-review cost range and Tabikh thesis result",
      "reason": "NIST citation verified, underlying empirical originals not verified; not admitted as original observations.",
      "accepted_numeric_value": null,
      "verification_date": "2026-09-12"
    }
  ]
}